Arduino based MPPT Controller

Data’s Guide of “Development of a low-cost PV system using an improved INC algorithm and a PV panel Proteus model” research paper

Mar 19, 2020

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Devices & Components

Arduino Uno Rev3

TDC-M20-36PV panel

TC4420 Driver

B25 0 to 25V Voltage Sensor Module

Resistor, 70 ohm

INA169 Analog DC Current Sensor

DC-DC Switching Boost, Inverting Regulator

Software & Tools

Proteus 8.6

Arduino IDE

Project description

Code

INC_Code.ino

c_cpp

Below the code of incremental conductance algorithm, to compile it, please go to "Sketch" menu and click on "Export compiled Binary". Then the ".hex" will be generated in the Sketch Folder.

1/*****************************************************************************
2         Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
3*****************************************************************************/
4
5/*****************************************************************************
6   Header Files included
7 *****************************************************************************/
8
9/******************************************************************************
10   PROJECT :  MPPT (INC) implementation
11   Function : INC Arduino Code
12 ******************************************************************************
13  *                                                                            *
14    Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
15 *                                                                            *
16    Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
17 ******************************************************************************
18   MODIFICATION LOG:
19 ******************************************************************************
20   Modified by :                                           Date :
21   Comments  :
22 ******************************************************************************/
23#include  <LiquidCrystal.h>
24 LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
25
26float sensorValue1  = 0;
27float sensorValue2 = 0;
28float voltageValue = 0;
29float currentValue  = 0;
30float Power_now = 0, Power_anc=0, Current_anc =0,Voltage_anc=0, deltaI=0,  deltaV=0 ; 
31float delta = 1.4;                 
32float pwm = 128;                        
33void  setup() 
34{
35  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
36  lcd.begin(16, 2);
37}
38
39void loop()  
40{
41  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
42  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
43  voltageValue= (sensorValue1 * 5.0 /1023.0) *5;
44  currentValue= (sensorValue2  * 5.0 /1023.0);
45  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
46  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;
47  
48  lcd.print("Ppv=");
49  lcd.print(Power_now);
50  lcd.print("W");  
51  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
52  lcd.print("V=");
53  lcd.print(voltageValue);
54  lcd.print("V I=");
55  lcd.print(currentValue);
56  lcd.print("A");
57  deltaI= currentValue-Current_anc;
58  deltaV= voltageValue-Voltage_anc;
59 if(deltaV==0)
60  { if(deltaI==0)
61     {// nothing to do
62     }
63   else 
64    { if(deltaI>0)
65       pwm=pwm-delta;
66     else
67       pwm=pwm+delta;
68    }
69  }
70  else
71  { if((voltageValue*deltaI)+(currentValue*deltaV)==0)
72     {// nothing  to do
73     }
74  
75    else
76     { if((deltaI/deltaV)+(currentValue/voltageValue)>0)
77        
78         pwm=pwm-delta;  
79    
80      else
81        pwm=pwm+delta;
82     
83     }
84  }
85      
86Voltage_anc= voltageValue;
87Current_anc= currentValue;
88Power_anc=Power_now;
89if(pwm  > 240)
90   pwm=240;
91if (pwm < 15)
92   pwm=15;
93 analogWrite(6, pwm);
94}
95
96

/*****************************************************************************
         Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
*****************************************************************************/

/*****************************************************************************
   Header Files included
 *****************************************************************************/

/******************************************************************************
   PROJECT :  MPPT (INC) implementation
   Function : INC Arduino Code
 ******************************************************************************
  *                                                                            *
    Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
 *                                                                            *
    Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
 ******************************************************************************
   MODIFICATION LOG:
 ******************************************************************************
   Modified by :                                           Date :
   Comments  :
 ******************************************************************************/
#include  <LiquidCrystal.h>
 LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

float sensorValue1  = 0;
float sensorValue2 = 0;
float voltageValue = 0;
float currentValue  = 0;
float Power_now = 0, Power_anc=0, Current_anc =0,Voltage_anc=0, deltaI=0,  deltaV=0 ; 
float delta = 1.4;                 
float pwm = 128;                        
void  setup() 
{
  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
}

void loop()  
{
  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
  voltageValue= (sensorValue1 * 5.0 /1023.0) *5;
  currentValue= (sensorValue2  * 5.0 /1023.0);
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;
  
  lcd.print("Ppv=");
  lcd.print(Power_now);
  lcd.print("W");  
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print("V=");
  lcd.print(voltageValue);
  lcd.print("V I=");
  lcd.print(currentValue);
  lcd.print("A");
  deltaI= currentValue-Current_anc;
  deltaV= voltageValue-Voltage_anc;
 if(deltaV==0)
  { if(deltaI==0)
     {// nothing to do
     }
   else 
    { if(deltaI>0)
       pwm=pwm-delta;
     else
       pwm=pwm+delta;
    }
  }
  else
  { if((voltageValue*deltaI)+(currentValue*deltaV)==0)
     {// nothing  to do
     }
  
    else
     { if((deltaI/deltaV)+(currentValue/voltageValue)>0)
        
         pwm=pwm-delta;  
    
      else
        pwm=pwm+delta;
     
     }
  }
      
Voltage_anc= voltageValue;
Current_anc= currentValue;
Power_anc=Power_now;
if(pwm  > 240)
   pwm=240;
if (pwm < 15)
   pwm=15;
 analogWrite(6, pwm);
}

PandO_Code.ino

c_cpp

Below the code of perturb and observe algorithm, to compile it, please go to "Sketch" menu and click on "Export compiled Binary". Then the ".hex" will be generated in the Sketch Folder.

1/*****************************************************************************
2         Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
3*****************************************************************************/
4
5/*****************************************************************************
6   Header Files included
7 *****************************************************************************/
8
9/******************************************************************************
10   PROJECT :  MPPT (P&O) implementation
11   Function : P&O Arduino Code
12 ******************************************************************************
13  *                                                                            *
14    Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
15 *                                                                            *
16    Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
17 ******************************************************************************
18   MODIFICATION LOG:
19 ******************************************************************************
20   Modified by :                                           Date :
21   Comments  :
22 ******************************************************************************/
23#include  <LiquidCrystal.h>
24LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
25
26float sensorValue1  = 0;
27float sensorValue2 = 0;
28float voltageValue = 0;
29float currentValue  = 0;
30float Power_now = 0, Power_anc = 0, voltage_anc = 0;
31float delta = 3;
32float  pwm = 128;
33void setup()
34{
35  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
36  lcd.begin(16, 2);
37}
38
39void  loop()
40{
41  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
42  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
43  voltageValue = (sensorValue1 * 5.0 / 1023.0) * 5;
44  currentValue = (sensorValue2  * 5.0 / 1023.0);
45  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
46  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;
47
48  lcd.print("Ppv=");
49  lcd.print(Power_now);
50  lcd.print("W");
51  lcd.print(pwm);
52  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
53  lcd.print("V=");
54  lcd.print(voltageValue);
55  lcd.print("V I=");
56  lcd.print(currentValue);
57  lcd.print("A");
58
59
60
61  if (Power_now > Power_anc)
62  { if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
63      pwm  = pwm - delta;
64    else
65      pwm = pwm + delta;
66  }
67  else
68  {
69    if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
70      pwm = pwm + delta;
71    else
72      pwm = pwm - delta;
73  }
74  Power_anc = Power_now;
75  voltage_anc = voltageValue;
76  if (pwm < 20)
77    pwm = 20;
78  if (pwm > 150)
79    pwm = 150;
80
81  analogWrite(6,  pwm);
82}
83
84
85

/*****************************************************************************
         Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
*****************************************************************************/

/*****************************************************************************
   Header Files included
 *****************************************************************************/

/******************************************************************************
   PROJECT :  MPPT (P&O) implementation
   Function : P&O Arduino Code
 ******************************************************************************
  *                                                                            *
    Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
 *                                                                            *
    Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
 ******************************************************************************
   MODIFICATION LOG:
 ******************************************************************************
   Modified by :                                           Date :
   Comments  :
 ******************************************************************************/
#include  <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

float sensorValue1  = 0;
float sensorValue2 = 0;
float voltageValue = 0;
float currentValue  = 0;
float Power_now = 0, Power_anc = 0, voltage_anc = 0;
float delta = 3;
float  pwm = 128;
void setup()
{
  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
}

void  loop()
{
  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
  voltageValue = (sensorValue1 * 5.0 / 1023.0) * 5;
  currentValue = (sensorValue2  * 5.0 / 1023.0);
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;

  lcd.print("Ppv=");
  lcd.print(Power_now);
  lcd.print("W");
  lcd.print(pwm);
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print("V=");
  lcd.print(voltageValue);
  lcd.print("V I=");
  lcd.print(currentValue);
  lcd.print("A");



  if (Power_now > Power_anc)
  { if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
      pwm  = pwm - delta;
    else
      pwm = pwm + delta;
  }
  else
  {
    if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
      pwm = pwm + delta;
    else
      pwm = pwm - delta;
  }
  Power_anc = Power_now;
  voltage_anc = voltageValue;
  if (pwm < 20)
    pwm = 20;
  if (pwm > 150)
    pwm = 150;

  analogWrite(6,  pwm);
}

INC_Code.ino

c_cpp

Below the code of incremental conductance algorithm, to compile it, please go to "Sketch" menu and click on "Export compiled Binary". Then the ".hex" will be generated in the Sketch Folder.

1/*****************************************************************************
2          Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
3*****************************************************************************/
4
5/*****************************************************************************
6    Header Files included
7 *****************************************************************************/
8
9/******************************************************************************
10    PROJECT :  MPPT (INC) implementation
11   Function : INC Arduino Code
12 ******************************************************************************
13   *                                                                            *
14     Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
15 *                                                                            *
16     Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
17 ******************************************************************************
18    MODIFICATION LOG:
19 ******************************************************************************
20    Modified by :                                           Date :
21   Comments   :
22 ******************************************************************************/
23#include   <LiquidCrystal.h>
24 LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
25
26float sensorValue1   = 0;
27float sensorValue2 = 0;
28float voltageValue = 0;
29float currentValue   = 0;
30float Power_now = 0, Power_anc=0, Current_anc =0,Voltage_anc=0, deltaI=0,   deltaV=0 ; 
31float delta = 1.4;                 
32float pwm = 128;                        
33void   setup() 
34{
35  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
36  lcd.begin(16, 2);
37}
38
39void loop()   
40{
41  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
42  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
43   voltageValue= (sensorValue1 * 5.0 /1023.0) *5;
44  currentValue= (sensorValue2   * 5.0 /1023.0);
45  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
46  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;
47   
48  lcd.print("Ppv=");
49  lcd.print(Power_now);
50  lcd.print("W");  
51   lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
52  lcd.print("V=");
53  lcd.print(voltageValue);
54   lcd.print("V I=");
55  lcd.print(currentValue);
56  lcd.print("A");
57   deltaI= currentValue-Current_anc;
58  deltaV= voltageValue-Voltage_anc;
59 if(deltaV==0)
60   { if(deltaI==0)
61     {// nothing to do
62     }
63   else 
64    { if(deltaI>0)
65        pwm=pwm-delta;
66     else
67       pwm=pwm+delta;
68    }
69  }
70   else
71  { if((voltageValue*deltaI)+(currentValue*deltaV)==0)
72     {// nothing   to do
73     }
74  
75    else
76     { if((deltaI/deltaV)+(currentValue/voltageValue)>0)
77         
78         pwm=pwm-delta;  
79    
80      else
81        pwm=pwm+delta;
82      
83     }
84  }
85      
86Voltage_anc= voltageValue;
87Current_anc= currentValue;
88Power_anc=Power_now;
89if(pwm   > 240)
90   pwm=240;
91if (pwm < 15)
92   pwm=15;
93 analogWrite(6, pwm);
94}
95
96

/*****************************************************************************
          Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
*****************************************************************************/

/*****************************************************************************
    Header Files included
 *****************************************************************************/

/******************************************************************************
    PROJECT :  MPPT (INC) implementation
   Function : INC Arduino Code
 ******************************************************************************
   *                                                                            *
     Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
 *                                                                            *
     Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
 ******************************************************************************
    MODIFICATION LOG:
 ******************************************************************************
    Modified by :                                           Date :
   Comments   :
 ******************************************************************************/
#include   <LiquidCrystal.h>
 LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

float sensorValue1   = 0;
float sensorValue2 = 0;
float voltageValue = 0;
float currentValue   = 0;
float Power_now = 0, Power_anc=0, Current_anc =0,Voltage_anc=0, deltaI=0,   deltaV=0 ; 
float delta = 1.4;                 
float pwm = 128;                        
void   setup() 
{
  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
}

void loop()   
{
  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
   voltageValue= (sensorValue1 * 5.0 /1023.0) *5;
  currentValue= (sensorValue2   * 5.0 /1023.0);
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;
   
  lcd.print("Ppv=");
  lcd.print(Power_now);
  lcd.print("W");  
   lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print("V=");
  lcd.print(voltageValue);
   lcd.print("V I=");
  lcd.print(currentValue);
  lcd.print("A");
   deltaI= currentValue-Current_anc;
  deltaV= voltageValue-Voltage_anc;
 if(deltaV==0)
   { if(deltaI==0)
     {// nothing to do
     }
   else 
    { if(deltaI>0)
        pwm=pwm-delta;
     else
       pwm=pwm+delta;
    }
  }
   else
  { if((voltageValue*deltaI)+(currentValue*deltaV)==0)
     {// nothing   to do
     }
  
    else
     { if((deltaI/deltaV)+(currentValue/voltageValue)>0)
         
         pwm=pwm-delta;  
    
      else
        pwm=pwm+delta;
      
     }
  }
      
Voltage_anc= voltageValue;
Current_anc= currentValue;
Power_anc=Power_now;
if(pwm   > 240)
   pwm=240;
if (pwm < 15)
   pwm=15;
 analogWrite(6, pwm);
}

PandO_Code.ino

c_cpp

Below the code of perturb and observe algorithm, to compile it, please go to "Sketch" menu and click on "Export compiled Binary". Then the ".hex" will be generated in the Sketch Folder.

1/*****************************************************************************
2          Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
3*****************************************************************************/
4
5/*****************************************************************************
6    Header Files included
7 *****************************************************************************/
8
9/******************************************************************************
10    PROJECT :  MPPT (P&O) implementation
11   Function : P&O Arduino Code
12 ******************************************************************************
13   *                                                                            *
14     Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
15 *                                                                            *
16     Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
17 ******************************************************************************
18    MODIFICATION LOG:
19 ******************************************************************************
20    Modified by :                                           Date :
21   Comments   :
22 ******************************************************************************/
23#include   <LiquidCrystal.h>
24LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
25
26float sensorValue1   = 0;
27float sensorValue2 = 0;
28float voltageValue = 0;
29float currentValue   = 0;
30float Power_now = 0, Power_anc = 0, voltage_anc = 0;
31float delta = 3;
32float   pwm = 128;
33void setup()
34{
35  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
36  lcd.begin(16, 2);
37}
38
39void   loop()
40{
41  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
42  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
43   voltageValue = (sensorValue1 * 5.0 / 1023.0) * 5;
44  currentValue = (sensorValue2   * 5.0 / 1023.0);
45  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
46  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;
47
48   lcd.print("Ppv=");
49  lcd.print(Power_now);
50  lcd.print("W");
51  lcd.print(pwm);
52   lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
53  lcd.print("V=");
54  lcd.print(voltageValue);
55   lcd.print("V I=");
56  lcd.print(currentValue);
57  lcd.print("A");
58
59
60
61   if (Power_now > Power_anc)
62  { if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
63      pwm   = pwm - delta;
64    else
65      pwm = pwm + delta;
66  }
67  else
68  {
69     if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
70      pwm = pwm + delta;
71    else
72       pwm = pwm - delta;
73  }
74  Power_anc = Power_now;
75  voltage_anc = voltageValue;
76   if (pwm < 20)
77    pwm = 20;
78  if (pwm > 150)
79    pwm = 150;
80
81  analogWrite(6,   pwm);
82}
83
84
85

/*****************************************************************************
          Copyright  Motahhir  All Rights Reserved
*****************************************************************************/

/*****************************************************************************
    Header Files included
 *****************************************************************************/

/******************************************************************************
    PROJECT :  MPPT (P&O) implementation
   Function : P&O Arduino Code
 ******************************************************************************
   *                                                                            *
     Written by  :  Saad Motahhir                       Date : 09/10/2016
 *                                                                            *
     Email : saad.motahhir@usmba.ac.ma
 ******************************************************************************
    MODIFICATION LOG:
 ******************************************************************************
    Modified by :                                           Date :
   Comments   :
 ******************************************************************************/
#include   <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

float sensorValue1   = 0;
float sensorValue2 = 0;
float voltageValue = 0;
float currentValue   = 0;
float Power_now = 0, Power_anc = 0, voltage_anc = 0;
float delta = 3;
float   pwm = 128;
void setup()
{
  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
}

void   loop()
{
  sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
  sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);
   voltageValue = (sensorValue1 * 5.0 / 1023.0) * 5;
  currentValue = (sensorValue2   * 5.0 / 1023.0);
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  Power_now = voltageValue * currentValue;

   lcd.print("Ppv=");
  lcd.print(Power_now);
  lcd.print("W");
  lcd.print(pwm);
   lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print("V=");
  lcd.print(voltageValue);
   lcd.print("V I=");
  lcd.print(currentValue);
  lcd.print("A");



   if (Power_now > Power_anc)
  { if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
      pwm   = pwm - delta;
    else
      pwm = pwm + delta;
  }
  else
  {
     if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
      pwm = pwm + delta;
    else
       pwm = pwm - delta;
  }
  Power_anc = Power_now;
  voltage_anc = voltageValue;
   if (pwm < 20)
    pwm = 20;
  if (pwm > 150)
    pwm = 150;

  analogWrite(6,   pwm);
}

Downloadable files

Costless and effective Embedded system based control for PV system

As shown in the incremntal conductance (INC) structure (figure below), it contains several division computations which require a stronger microcontroller including large memory, high clock frequency, and floating-point computation, and this reduces the opportunity to use a low-cost development board as Arduino UNO which is based on ATMEGA328P because it does not contain a hardware divider, but it provides a one-chip 2 cycle multiplier as shown in the figure below (datasheet of ATMEGA328P). Therefore, to design a costless and effective MPPT embedded software, a modified INC algorithm is presented through the elimination of all division computations occurring in the conventional NC method. As a result, the complication of the algorithm operation can be reduced and consequently, minimize the real-time processing with faster response. This, makes the utilization of low-cost microcontrollers possible.

Costless and effective Embedded system based control for PV system

Modified Incremental conductance algorithm

The experimental setup of the PV system using Arduino

Proteus PV panel model simulation

• Please, open \Proteus\Proteus_PV_Panel_Model. • Please, go to graph menu and click on simulate graph as follows:

Proteus PV panel model simulation

Experimental results

Figure below (a) and (b) presents the experimental results of both methods under fast varying of insolation (from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2). A zoom in the results is made. As shown in (a), the conventional method generates more oscillations around the peak of power compared to the modified method as presented in (b). On the other hand, the modified method presents a faster tracking speed with response time equals to 0.1 s which is very lower than the response time obtained by the conventional method (0.36 s).

Experimental results

Add Arduino into Proteus:

• Unzip Arduino Library for Proteus.rar file, you will find two files in it. • These two files are named as ArduinoTEP.LIB and ArduinoTEP.IDX. • Copy these two files and place them in the libraries folder of your Proteus software. • Now, restart your Proteus software and in components section search for ArduinoTEP as shown in below figure:

Add Arduino into Proteus:

Experimental results

MPPT-in-Proteus

Download data from gethub

https://github.com/motahhir/MPPT-in-Proteus

Simulate the MPPT controller in Proteus under variable irradiance

• Please, open Proteus\Proteus_MPPT_Irradiance Variation • Load the .hex file in the Arduino Uno. • Click on play to simulate the PV system or go to graph menu and click on simulate graph to generate Ppv(t) curve.

Simulate the MPPT controller in Proteus under variable irradiance

Simulate the MPPT controller in Proteus under stable irradiance

• Please, open Proteus\Proteus_MPPT_stable irradiance • Load the .hex file in the Arduino Uno. • Click on play to simulate the PV system or go to graph menu and click on simulate graph to generate Ppv(t) curve.

Simulate the MPPT controller in Proteus under stable irradiance

Conventional Incremental conductance algorithm

Proteus PV panel model simulation

• Please, open \Proteus\Proteus_PV_Panel_Model. • Please, go to graph menu and click on simulate graph as follows:

Proteus PV panel model simulation

Add Arduino into Proteus:

Simulate the MPPT controller in Proteus under variable irradiance

MPPT-in-Proteus

Download data from gethub

https://github.com/motahhir/MPPT-in-Proteus

Conventional Incremental conductance algorithm

Modified Incremental conductance algorithm

Simulate the MPPT controller in Proteus under stable irradiance

The experimental setup of the PV system using Arduino

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