Arduino Solar Tracker

Open hardware/software test bench for solar tracker with virtual instrumentation.

Apr 11, 2020

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Devices & Components

Arduino Uno Rev3

Resistor 330 ohm

LDR, 5 Mohm

Mini Solar Panel

SG90 Micro-servo motor

Rotary potentiometer (generic)

Pushbutton Switch, Pushbutton

Hardware & Tools

PLX-DAQ

Software & Tools

Arduino IDE

Project description

Code

Embedded Software os solar tracker test bench

arduino

1//Servo motor library
2#include <Servo.h>
3//Initialize variables
4int  mode = 0;
5int axe = 0;            
6int buttonState1 = 0;    
7int buttonState2  = 0;   
8int prevButtonState1 = 0;
9int prevButtonState2 = 0; 
10 
11int ldrtopr=  0;                // top-right LDR                          
12int ldrtopl = 1;               // top-left LDR                          
13int ldrbotr = 2;               //  bottom-right LDR                     
14int ldrbotl = 3;               // bottom-left  LDR                   
15int topl = 0;
16int topr = 0; 
17int botl = 0;
18int  botr = 0;
19
20//Declare two servos
21Servo servo_updown;
22Servo servo_rightleft;
23
24int  threshold_value=10;           //measurement sensitivity
25
26void setup()
27{
28  Serial.begin(9600);                                //serial connection setup  //opens  serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
29  Serial.println("CLEARDATA");                       //clear  all data that’s been place in already
30  Serial.println("LABEL,t,voltage,current,power,Mode");   //define the column headings (PLX-DAQ command)
31
32  pinMode(12, INPUT);              //Mode  switch Button
33  pinMode(11, INPUT);              //Axis switch
34  pinMode(A4,  INPUT);              //Potentiometer for right-left movement and for up-down movement
35  
36  servo_updown.attach(5);             //Servo motor up-down movement
37  servo_rightleft.attach(6);          //Servo motor right-left movement
38}
39
40void loop()
41{
42//  pv_power();
43char  Mode;
44    float volt = analogRead(A5)*5.0/1023;
45    float voltage = 2*volt;                //  Volt=(R1/R1+R2)*Voltage / R1=R2=10Ohms  => voltage=2*volt)
46    float current = voltage/20;            //  I=voltage/(R1+R2) 
47    float power  = voltage*current;
48    Serial.print("DATA,TIME,"); // PLX-DAQ command
49    Serial.print(voltage);    //send the voltage to serial port
50    Serial.print(",");
51    Serial.print(current);    //send the current to serial port
52    Serial.print(",");
53    Serial.print(power);  //send the power to serial port
54    Serial.print(",");
55    
56//    Serial.println(Mode);      
57  buttonState1 = digitalRead(12);
58  if (buttonState1 != prevButtonState1)  {
59    if (buttonState1 == HIGH) {
60      //Change mode and ligh up the correct  indicator  
61      if (mode == 1) {
62        mode = 0;
63      } else {
64        mode = 1;
65      }
66    }
67  }
68  prevButtonState1 = buttonState1;
69  delay(50); // Wait for 50 millisecond(s)
70  
71  if (mode == 0) {
72    Mode='M';
73    Serial.println(Mode);   //send Mode "Manual" to serial port    
74    manualsolartracker();
75  } else { // mode automatic
76    Mode = 'A';
77    Serial.println(Mode);      
78    automaticsolartracker(); //send Mode "Automatic" to serial port
79    } 
80}
81
82void  automaticsolartracker(){
83  
84     //capturing analog values of each LDR
85     topr= analogRead(ldrtopr);         //capturing analog value of top right LDR
86     topl= analogRead(ldrtopl);         //capturing analog value of top left LDR
87     botr= analogRead(ldrbotr);         //capturing analog value of bot right LDR
88     botl= analogRead(ldrbotl);         //capturing analog value of bot left LDR
89
90    // calculating average
91     int avgtop = (topr + topl) / 2;     //average  of top LDRs
92     int avgbot = (botr + botl) / 2;     //average of bottom LDRs
93     int avgleft = (topl + botl) / 2;    //average of left LDRs
94     int avgright  = (topr + botr) / 2;   //average of right LDRs
95   
96    //Get the different  
97     int diffelev = avgtop - avgbot;      //Get the different average betwen  LDRs top and LDRs bot
98     int diffazi = avgright - avgleft;    //Get the different  average betwen LDRs right and LDRs left
99    
100    //left-right movement of  solar tracker
101     
102      if (abs(diffazi) >= threshold_value){        //Change  position only if light difference is bigger then the threshold_value
103       if  (diffazi > 0) {
104        if (servo_rightleft.read() < 180) {
105          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read()  + 2));
106        }
107      }
108      if (diffazi <  0) {
109        if (servo_rightleft.read()  > 0) {
110          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read() - 2));
111        }
112      }
113    }
114             
115      //up-down movement of solar tracker
116
117      if (abs(diffelev) >= threshold_value){    //Change position only if light  difference is bigger then thethreshold_value
118       if (diffelev > 0) {
119        if  (servo_updown.read() < 180) {
120          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read()  - 2));
121        }
122      }
123      if (diffelev <  0) {
124        if (servo_updown.read()  > 0) {
125          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read() + 2));
126        }
127      }
128    }       
129 }  
130
131void manualsolartracker(){
132  buttonState2  = digitalRead(13);
133  if (buttonState2 != prevButtonState2) {
134    if (buttonState2  == HIGH) {
135      //Change mode and ligh up the correct indicator  
136      if  (axe == 1) {
137        axe = 0;
138      } else {
139        axe = 1;
140      }
141    }
142  }
143  prevButtonState2 = buttonState2;
144  delay(50); // Wait for 50  millisecond(s)
145  if (axe == 0) {     //control right-left movement
146    servo_rightleft.write(map(analogRead(A4),  0, 1023, 0, 180));
147  } else { // //control up-down movement
148    servo_updown.write(map(analogRead(A4),  0, 1023, 0, 180));
149  } 
150}
151
152
153
154
155

//Servo motor library
#include <Servo.h>
//Initialize variables
int  mode = 0;
int axe = 0;            
int buttonState1 = 0;    
int buttonState2  = 0;   
int prevButtonState1 = 0;
int prevButtonState2 = 0; 
 
int ldrtopr=  0;                // top-right LDR                          
int ldrtopl = 1;               // top-left LDR                          
int ldrbotr = 2;               //  bottom-right LDR                     
int ldrbotl = 3;               // bottom-left  LDR                   
int topl = 0;
int topr = 0; 
int botl = 0;
int  botr = 0;

//Declare two servos
Servo servo_updown;
Servo servo_rightleft;

int  threshold_value=10;           //measurement sensitivity

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);                                //serial connection setup  //opens  serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
  Serial.println("CLEARDATA");                       //clear  all data that’s been place in already
  Serial.println("LABEL,t,voltage,current,power,Mode");   //define the column headings (PLX-DAQ command)

  pinMode(12, INPUT);              //Mode  switch Button
  pinMode(11, INPUT);              //Axis switch
  pinMode(A4,  INPUT);              //Potentiometer for right-left movement and for up-down movement
  
  servo_updown.attach(5);             //Servo motor up-down movement
  servo_rightleft.attach(6);          //Servo motor right-left movement
}

void loop()
{
//  pv_power();
char  Mode;
    float volt = analogRead(A5)*5.0/1023;
    float voltage = 2*volt;                //  Volt=(R1/R1+R2)*Voltage / R1=R2=10Ohms  => voltage=2*volt)
    float current = voltage/20;            //  I=voltage/(R1+R2) 
    float power  = voltage*current;
    Serial.print("DATA,TIME,"); // PLX-DAQ command
    Serial.print(voltage);    //send the voltage to serial port
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.print(current);    //send the current to serial port
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.print(power);  //send the power to serial port
    Serial.print(",");
    
//    Serial.println(Mode);      
  buttonState1 = digitalRead(12);
  if (buttonState1 != prevButtonState1)  {
    if (buttonState1 == HIGH) {
      //Change mode and ligh up the correct  indicator  
      if (mode == 1) {
        mode = 0;
      } else {
        mode = 1;
      }
    }
  }
  prevButtonState1 = buttonState1;
  delay(50); // Wait for 50 millisecond(s)
  
  if (mode == 0) {
    Mode='M';
    Serial.println(Mode);   //send Mode "Manual" to serial port    
    manualsolartracker();
  } else { // mode automatic
    Mode = 'A';
    Serial.println(Mode);      
    automaticsolartracker(); //send Mode "Automatic" to serial port
    } 
}

void  automaticsolartracker(){
  
     //capturing analog values of each LDR
     topr= analogRead(ldrtopr);         //capturing analog value of top right LDR
     topl= analogRead(ldrtopl);         //capturing analog value of top left LDR
     botr= analogRead(ldrbotr);         //capturing analog value of bot right LDR
     botl= analogRead(ldrbotl);         //capturing analog value of bot left LDR

    // calculating average
     int avgtop = (topr + topl) / 2;     //average  of top LDRs
     int avgbot = (botr + botl) / 2;     //average of bottom LDRs
     int avgleft = (topl + botl) / 2;    //average of left LDRs
     int avgright  = (topr + botr) / 2;   //average of right LDRs
   
    //Get the different  
     int diffelev = avgtop - avgbot;      //Get the different average betwen  LDRs top and LDRs bot
     int diffazi = avgright - avgleft;    //Get the different  average betwen LDRs right and LDRs left
    
    //left-right movement of  solar tracker
     
      if (abs(diffazi) >= threshold_value){        //Change  position only if light difference is bigger then the threshold_value
       if  (diffazi > 0) {
        if (servo_rightleft.read() < 180) {
          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read()  + 2));
        }
      }
      if (diffazi <  0) {
        if (servo_rightleft.read()  > 0) {
          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read() - 2));
        }
      }
    }
             
      //up-down movement of solar tracker

      if (abs(diffelev) >= threshold_value){    //Change position only if light  difference is bigger then thethreshold_value
       if (diffelev > 0) {
        if  (servo_updown.read() < 180) {
          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read()  - 2));
        }
      }
      if (diffelev <  0) {
        if (servo_updown.read()  > 0) {
          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read() + 2));
        }
      }
    }       
 }  

void manualsolartracker(){
  buttonState2  = digitalRead(13);
  if (buttonState2 != prevButtonState2) {
    if (buttonState2  == HIGH) {
      //Change mode and ligh up the correct indicator  
      if  (axe == 1) {
        axe = 0;
      } else {
        axe = 1;
      }
    }
  }
  prevButtonState2 = buttonState2;
  delay(50); // Wait for 50  millisecond(s)
  if (axe == 0) {     //control right-left movement
    servo_rightleft.write(map(analogRead(A4),  0, 1023, 0, 180));
  } else { // //control up-down movement
    servo_updown.write(map(analogRead(A4),  0, 1023, 0, 180));
  } 
}

Embedded Software os solar tracker test bench

arduino

1//Servo motor library
2#include <Servo.h>
3//Initialize variables
4int
5  mode = 0;
6int axe = 0;            
7int buttonState1 = 0;    
8int buttonState2
9  = 0;   
10int prevButtonState1 = 0;
11int prevButtonState2 = 0; 
12 
13int ldrtopr=
14  0;                // top-right LDR                          
15int ldrtopl = 1;
16               // top-left LDR                          
17int ldrbotr = 2;               //
18  bottom-right LDR                     
19int ldrbotl = 3;               // bottom-left
20  LDR                   
21int topl = 0;
22int topr = 0; 
23int botl = 0;
24int
25  botr = 0;
26
27//Declare two servos
28Servo servo_updown;
29Servo servo_rightleft;
30
31int
32  threshold_value=10;           //measurement sensitivity
33
34void setup()
35{
36
37  Serial.begin(9600);                                //serial connection setup  //opens
38  serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
39  Serial.println("CLEARDATA");                       //clear
40  all data that’s been place in already
41  Serial.println("LABEL,t,voltage,current,power,Mode");
42   //define the column headings (PLX-DAQ command)
43
44  pinMode(12, INPUT);              //Mode
45  switch Button
46  pinMode(11, INPUT);              //Axis switch
47  pinMode(A4,
48  INPUT);              //Potentiometer for right-left movement and for up-down movement
49
50  
51  servo_updown.attach(5);             //Servo motor up-down movement
52  servo_rightleft.attach(6);
53          //Servo motor right-left movement
54}
55
56void loop()
57{
58//  pv_power();
59char
60  Mode;
61    float volt = analogRead(A5)*5.0/1023;
62    float voltage = 2*volt;
63                //  Volt=(R1/R1+R2)*Voltage / R1=R2=10Ohms  => voltage=2*volt)
64
65    float current = voltage/20;            //  I=voltage/(R1+R2) 
66    float power
67  = voltage*current;
68    Serial.print("DATA,TIME,"); // PLX-DAQ command
69    Serial.print(voltage);
70    //send the voltage to serial port
71    Serial.print(",");
72    Serial.print(current);
73    //send the current to serial port
74    Serial.print(",");
75    Serial.print(power);
76  //send the power to serial port
77    Serial.print(",");
78    
79//    Serial.println(Mode);
80      
81  buttonState1 = digitalRead(12);
82  if (buttonState1 != prevButtonState1)
83  {
84    if (buttonState1 == HIGH) {
85      //Change mode and ligh up the correct
86  indicator  
87      if (mode == 1) {
88        mode = 0;
89      } else {
90
91        mode = 1;
92      }
93    }
94  }
95  prevButtonState1 = buttonState1;
96
97  delay(50); // Wait for 50 millisecond(s)
98  
99  if (mode == 0) {
100    Mode='M';
101
102    Serial.println(Mode);   //send Mode "Manual" to serial port    
103    manualsolartracker();
104
105  } else { // mode automatic
106    Mode = 'A';
107    Serial.println(Mode);      
108
109    automaticsolartracker(); //send Mode "Automatic" to serial port
110    } 
111}
112
113void
114  automaticsolartracker(){
115  
116     //capturing analog values of each LDR
117
118     topr= analogRead(ldrtopr);         //capturing analog value of top right LDR
119
120     topl= analogRead(ldrtopl);         //capturing analog value of top left LDR
121
122     botr= analogRead(ldrbotr);         //capturing analog value of bot right LDR
123
124     botl= analogRead(ldrbotl);         //capturing analog value of bot left LDR
125
126
127    // calculating average
128     int avgtop = (topr + topl) / 2;     //average
129  of top LDRs
130     int avgbot = (botr + botl) / 2;     //average of bottom LDRs
131
132     int avgleft = (topl + botl) / 2;    //average of left LDRs
133     int avgright
134  = (topr + botr) / 2;   //average of right LDRs
135   
136    //Get the different
137  
138     int diffelev = avgtop - avgbot;      //Get the different average betwen
139  LDRs top and LDRs bot
140     int diffazi = avgright - avgleft;    //Get the different
141  average betwen LDRs right and LDRs left
142    
143    //left-right movement of
144  solar tracker
145     
146      if (abs(diffazi) >= threshold_value){        //Change
147  position only if light difference is bigger then the threshold_value
148       if
149  (diffazi > 0) {
150        if (servo_rightleft.read() < 180) {
151          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read()
152  + 2));
153        }
154      }
155      if (diffazi <  0) {
156        if (servo_rightleft.read()
157  > 0) {
158          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read() - 2));
159        }
160
161      }
162    }
163             
164      //up-down movement of solar tracker
165
166
167      if (abs(diffelev) >= threshold_value){    //Change position only if light
168  difference is bigger then thethreshold_value
169       if (diffelev > 0) {
170        if
171  (servo_updown.read() < 180) {
172          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read()
173  - 2));
174        }
175      }
176      if (diffelev <  0) {
177        if (servo_updown.read()
178  > 0) {
179          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read() + 2));
180        }
181
182      }
183    }       
184 }  
185
186void manualsolartracker(){
187  buttonState2
188  = digitalRead(13);
189  if (buttonState2 != prevButtonState2) {
190    if (buttonState2
191  == HIGH) {
192      //Change mode and ligh up the correct indicator  
193      if
194  (axe == 1) {
195        axe = 0;
196      } else {
197        axe = 1;
198      }
199
200    }
201  }
202  prevButtonState2 = buttonState2;
203  delay(50); // Wait for 50
204  millisecond(s)
205  if (axe == 0) {     //control right-left movement
206    servo_rightleft.write(map(analogRead(A4),
207  0, 1023, 0, 180));
208  } else { // //control up-down movement
209    servo_updown.write(map(analogRead(A4),
210  0, 1023, 0, 180));
211  } 
212}
213
214
215
216
217

//Servo motor library
#include <Servo.h>
//Initialize variables
int
  mode = 0;
int axe = 0;            
int buttonState1 = 0;    
int buttonState2
  = 0;   
int prevButtonState1 = 0;
int prevButtonState2 = 0; 
 
int ldrtopr=
  0;                // top-right LDR                          
int ldrtopl = 1;
               // top-left LDR                          
int ldrbotr = 2;               //
  bottom-right LDR                     
int ldrbotl = 3;               // bottom-left
  LDR                   
int topl = 0;
int topr = 0; 
int botl = 0;
int
  botr = 0;

//Declare two servos
Servo servo_updown;
Servo servo_rightleft;

int
  threshold_value=10;           //measurement sensitivity

void setup()
{

  Serial.begin(9600);                                //serial connection setup  //opens
  serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
  Serial.println("CLEARDATA");                       //clear
  all data that’s been place in already
  Serial.println("LABEL,t,voltage,current,power,Mode");
   //define the column headings (PLX-DAQ command)

  pinMode(12, INPUT);              //Mode
  switch Button
  pinMode(11, INPUT);              //Axis switch
  pinMode(A4,
  INPUT);              //Potentiometer for right-left movement and for up-down movement

  
  servo_updown.attach(5);             //Servo motor up-down movement
  servo_rightleft.attach(6);
          //Servo motor right-left movement
}

void loop()
{
//  pv_power();
char
  Mode;
    float volt = analogRead(A5)*5.0/1023;
    float voltage = 2*volt;
                //  Volt=(R1/R1+R2)*Voltage / R1=R2=10Ohms  => voltage=2*volt)

    float current = voltage/20;            //  I=voltage/(R1+R2) 
    float power
  = voltage*current;
    Serial.print("DATA,TIME,"); // PLX-DAQ command
    Serial.print(voltage);
    //send the voltage to serial port
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.print(current);
    //send the current to serial port
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.print(power);
  //send the power to serial port
    Serial.print(",");
    
//    Serial.println(Mode);
      
  buttonState1 = digitalRead(12);
  if (buttonState1 != prevButtonState1)
  {
    if (buttonState1 == HIGH) {
      //Change mode and ligh up the correct
  indicator  
      if (mode == 1) {
        mode = 0;
      } else {

        mode = 1;
      }
    }
  }
  prevButtonState1 = buttonState1;

  delay(50); // Wait for 50 millisecond(s)
  
  if (mode == 0) {
    Mode='M';

    Serial.println(Mode);   //send Mode "Manual" to serial port    
    manualsolartracker();

  } else { // mode automatic
    Mode = 'A';
    Serial.println(Mode);      

    automaticsolartracker(); //send Mode "Automatic" to serial port
    } 
}

void
  automaticsolartracker(){
  
     //capturing analog values of each LDR

     topr= analogRead(ldrtopr);         //capturing analog value of top right LDR

     topl= analogRead(ldrtopl);         //capturing analog value of top left LDR

     botr= analogRead(ldrbotr);         //capturing analog value of bot right LDR

     botl= analogRead(ldrbotl);         //capturing analog value of bot left LDR


    // calculating average
     int avgtop = (topr + topl) / 2;     //average
  of top LDRs
     int avgbot = (botr + botl) / 2;     //average of bottom LDRs

     int avgleft = (topl + botl) / 2;    //average of left LDRs
     int avgright
  = (topr + botr) / 2;   //average of right LDRs
   
    //Get the different
  
     int diffelev = avgtop - avgbot;      //Get the different average betwen
  LDRs top and LDRs bot
     int diffazi = avgright - avgleft;    //Get the different
  average betwen LDRs right and LDRs left
    
    //left-right movement of
  solar tracker
     
      if (abs(diffazi) >= threshold_value){        //Change
  position only if light difference is bigger then the threshold_value
       if
  (diffazi > 0) {
        if (servo_rightleft.read() < 180) {
          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read()
  + 2));
        }
      }
      if (diffazi <  0) {
        if (servo_rightleft.read()
  > 0) {
          servo_rightleft.write((servo_updown.read() - 2));
        }

      }
    }
             
      //up-down movement of solar tracker


      if (abs(diffelev) >= threshold_value){    //Change position only if light
  difference is bigger then thethreshold_value
       if (diffelev > 0) {
        if
  (servo_updown.read() < 180) {
          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read()
  - 2));
        }
      }
      if (diffelev <  0) {
        if (servo_updown.read()
  > 0) {
          servo_updown.write((servo_rightleft.read() + 2));
        }

      }
    }       
 }  

void manualsolartracker(){
  buttonState2
  = digitalRead(13);
  if (buttonState2 != prevButtonState2) {
    if (buttonState2
  == HIGH) {
      //Change mode and ligh up the correct indicator  
      if
  (axe == 1) {
        axe = 0;
      } else {
        axe = 1;
      }

    }
  }
  prevButtonState2 = buttonState2;
  delay(50); // Wait for 50
  millisecond(s)
  if (axe == 0) {     //control right-left movement
    servo_rightleft.write(map(analogRead(A4),
  0, 1023, 0, 180));
  } else { // //control up-down movement
    servo_updown.write(map(analogRead(A4),
  0, 1023, 0, 180));
  } 
}

Downloadable files

Electronic circuit of the solar tracker with manual and automatic modes

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